wdbc.RdThe data contain measurements on cells in suspicious lumps in a women's breast. Features are computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They describe characteristics of the cell nuclei present in the image. All samples are classsified as either benign or malignant.
data(wdbc)wdbc is a data.frame with 31 columns. The first column indicates wether the sample is classified as benign (B) or malignant (M). The remaining columns contain measurements for 30 features.
Ten real-valued features are computed for each cell nucleus:
a) radius (mean of distances from center to points on the perimeter)
b) texture (standard deviation of gray-scale values)
c) perimeter
d) area
e) smoothness (local variation in radius lengths)
f) compactness (perimeter^2 / area - 1.0)
g) concavity (severity of concave portions of the contour)
h) concave points (number of concave portions of the contour)
i) symmetry
j) fractal dimension ("coastline approximation" - 1)
The references listed below contain detailed descriptions of how these features are computed.
The mean, standard error, and "worst" or largest (mean of the three largest values) of these features were computed for each image, resulting in 30 features.
This breast cancer database was obtained from the University of Wisconsin Hospitals, Madison from Dr. William H. Wolberg.
https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Breast+Cancer+Wisconsin+(Diagnostic)
Bache, K. & Lichman, M. (2013). UCI Machine Learning Repository. Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Information and Computer Science.
O. L. Mangasarian and W. H. Wolberg: "Cancer diagnosis via linear
programming",
SIAM News, Volume 23, Number 5, September 1990, pp 1 & 18.
William H. Wolberg and O.L. Mangasarian: "Multisurface method of
pattern separation for medical diagnosis applied to breast cytology",
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., Volume 87,
December 1990, pp 9193-9196.
K. P. Bennett & O. L. Mangasarian: "Robust linear programming
discrimination of two linearly inseparable sets",
Optimization Methods
and Software 1, 1992, 23-34 (Gordon & Breach Science Publishers).
data(wdbc)
str(wdbc)
#> 'data.frame': 569 obs. of 31 variables:
#> $ diagnosis : Factor w/ 2 levels "B","M": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
#> $ mean radius : num 18 20.6 19.7 11.4 20.3 ...
#> $ mean texture : num 10.4 17.8 21.2 20.4 14.3 ...
#> $ mean perimeter : num 122.8 132.9 130 77.6 135.1 ...
#> $ mean area : num 1001 1326 1203 386 1297 ...
#> $ mean smoothness : num 0.1184 0.0847 0.1096 0.1425 0.1003 ...
#> $ mean compactness : num 0.2776 0.0786 0.1599 0.2839 0.1328 ...
#> $ mean concavity : num 0.3001 0.0869 0.1974 0.2414 0.198 ...
#> $ mean concave points : num 0.1471 0.0702 0.1279 0.1052 0.1043 ...
#> $ mean symmetry : num 0.242 0.181 0.207 0.26 0.181 ...
#> $ mean fractal dimension : num 0.0787 0.0567 0.06 0.0974 0.0588 ...
#> $ worst radius : num 1.095 0.543 0.746 0.496 0.757 ...
#> $ worst texture : num 0.905 0.734 0.787 1.156 0.781 ...
#> $ worst perimeter : num 8.59 3.4 4.58 3.44 5.44 ...
#> $ worst area : num 153.4 74.1 94 27.2 94.4 ...
#> $ worst smoothness : num 0.0064 0.00522 0.00615 0.00911 0.01149 ...
#> $ worst compactness : num 0.049 0.0131 0.0401 0.0746 0.0246 ...
#> $ worst concavity : num 0.0537 0.0186 0.0383 0.0566 0.0569 ...
#> $ worst concave points : num 0.0159 0.0134 0.0206 0.0187 0.0188 ...
#> $ worst symmetry : num 0.03 0.0139 0.0225 0.0596 0.0176 ...
#> $ worst fractal dimension: num 0.00619 0.00353 0.00457 0.00921 0.00511 ...
#> $ sd radius : num 25.4 25 23.6 14.9 22.5 ...
#> $ sd texture : num 17.3 23.4 25.5 26.5 16.7 ...
#> $ sd perimeter : num 184.6 158.8 152.5 98.9 152.2 ...
#> $ sd area : num 2019 1956 1709 568 1575 ...
#> $ sd smoothness : num 0.162 0.124 0.144 0.21 0.137 ...
#> $ sd compactness : num 0.666 0.187 0.424 0.866 0.205 ...
#> $ sd concavity : num 0.712 0.242 0.45 0.687 0.4 ...
#> $ sd concave points : num 0.265 0.186 0.243 0.258 0.163 ...
#> $ sd symmetry : num 0.46 0.275 0.361 0.664 0.236 ...
#> $ sd fractal dimension : num 0.1189 0.089 0.0876 0.173 0.0768 ...